{"id":3737,"date":"2019-07-11T18:35:10","date_gmt":"2019-07-11T15:35:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fractory.com\/?p=3737"},"modified":"2024-08-26T16:58:16","modified_gmt":"2024-08-26T13:58:16","slug":"copper-alloys","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fractory.com\/copper-alloys\/","title":{"rendered":"Copper Alloys &#8211; Brass, Bronze and Cupronickels"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Copper alloys have great <a href=\"https:\/\/fractory.com\/mechanical-properties-of-materials\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">material properties<\/a> useful for many applications. Pure copper, however, has been one of the most important metals for the last 6000 years. Comparing it to other metals, its biggest advantages are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Good electric conductivity<\/li>\n<li>High thermal conductivity<\/li>\n<li>A remarkable mixture of strength and plasticity<\/li>\n<li>Corrosion resistance in many environments<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Those properties, <a href=\"https:\/\/fractory.com\/magnetic-metals-non-magnetic-metals-with-examples\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">including diamagnetism<\/a>, of copper are also present in its alloys. A wide range of alloying elements add further desirable properties. While many copper alloys have suitable characteristics for different applications, they have largely been replaced by aluminium alloys and plastic materials.<\/p>\n<p>The reason for that is copper&#8217;s comparatively high price. Of all the <a href=\"https:\/\/fractory.com\/types-of-metal\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">different types of metals<\/a>, copper is pretty high up on the price list. Thus, copper also fetches a high price when scrapped. But it&#8217;s important to understand <a href=\"https:\/\/sgt-scrap.com\/blog\/understanding-the-grading-system-for-copper-scrap\/\">copper scrap grading<\/a> fundamentals as not all copper is the same, and the price offer depends largely on its grade.<\/p>\n<p>Despite the notable strength and durability of copper alloys, they are not immune to corrosion. The <a href=\"https:\/\/fractory.com\/copper-corrosion\/\">oxidation of copper<\/a> components in these alloys can lead to colour changes and surface degradation over time, particularly in harsh environments.<\/p>\n<p>Nevertheless, copper alloys, such as brass, bronze and cupronickels, have cemented their places as useful materials in different sectors, including engineering.<\/p>\n<h2>Brass<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3799 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Brass.jpg\" alt=\"Brass water tap\" width=\"640\" height=\"438\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Brass.jpg 640w, https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Brass-300x205.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Adding zinc to copper strengthens the alloy because of zinc&#8217;s ability to be dissolved. At the same time, the copper alloy&#8217;s plasticity increases, which is an unusual feature.<\/p>\n<p>10&#8230;20% Zn alloys are known as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gilding_metal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">gilding metals<\/a> that are used in the jewellery industry and in the production of heat exchangers. 30% Zn alloys are called <strong>cartridge brass<\/strong> for a pretty self-explanatory reason. The upper threshold of zinc in formable brass is around 35%.<\/p>\n<p>Adding other alloying elements can further improve brass&#8217;s properties. Sn and Al, for example, increase its corrosion resistance in seawater.\u00a0<\/p>\n<h3>Single Phase Brass<\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3785\" src=\"https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Brass-Shells-1.jpg\" alt=\"Brass ammunition shells\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Brass-Shells-1.jpg 640w, https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Brass-Shells-1-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Applications<\/strong>: Jewellery, art, deep drawn parts (cutlery, musical instruments, etc) and ammunition cartridges.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3739\" src=\"https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Cu-Sn-Phase-Diagram.jpg\" alt=\"Brass Phase Diagram\" width=\"640\" height=\"497\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Cu-Sn-Phase-Diagram.jpg 640w, https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Cu-Sn-Phase-Diagram-300x233.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Single phase brasses contain Zn up to 37%. Those are called alpha brasses. Single phase brasses have a homogeneous crystal structure.<\/p>\n<p>Such brasses are softer and have higher ductility. Those qualities make alpha brasses suitable for cold working, drawing, bending, etc.<\/p>\n<p>The aforementioned cartridge brass (70\/30 Cu\/Zn) falls into this category. Because of the suitability for cold drawing, it&#8217;s the ideal candidate for producing ammunition shells in large quantities without high energy requirements.<\/p>\n<p>Its resistance to corrosion, compared to brass with higher zinc content, makes single phase brass suitable for producing <a href=\"https:\/\/fractory.com\/types-of-fasteners\/\">different types of fasteners<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Double Phase Brass<\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3787 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Muntz-Metal.jpg\" alt=\"Muntz metal used on a ship\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Muntz-Metal.jpg 640w, https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Muntz-Metal-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Applications<\/strong>: Heat exchangers, capacitors, parts made by automatic cutting benches, etc.<\/p>\n<p>Double phase brasses, also known as <strong>duplex brasses<\/strong>, contain both the \u03b1 and \u03b2 phases. Thus, both alpha grain structure and beta grain structure are present.<\/p>\n<p>Double phase brass is more affordable than single phase brass because of the larger amount of zinc used in it. At the same time, it&#8217;s more prone to corrosion. Still, the chemical composition leads to greater strength and hardness. Therefore, double phase brass is suitable for hot forming and casting. <a href=\"https:\/\/fractory.com\/metal-extrusion\/\">Metal extrusion<\/a>, stamping and <a href=\"https:\/\/fractory.com\/die-casting-explained\/\">die casting<\/a> are usable methods with that type of metal.<\/p>\n<p>The most used alpha-beta brasses have a Cu\/Zn relationship of 60\/40. Such brasses are known as <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muntz_metal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Muntz metals<\/a><\/strong>. In order to improve material properties, double phase brasses have more alloying elements. Small amounts of Pb increase the material&#8217;s cutting properties. Mn, Sn, Al, Fe and Ni all have a significant impact on material strength.<\/p>\n<p>Mn-containing alpha-beta brasses are known as high-strength brasses. They have great casting qualities but are also used for hot working.<\/p>\n<p>Alpha-beta brasses have a zinc content of up to 45%. Anything above is beta brass but it finds a lot less use.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"shortcode-enhanced-cta\">\n        <div class=\"shortcode-enhanced-cta__content\">\n            <span class=\"v2-section-title v2-section-title--md\">Scale Your Manufacturing from Prototyping to Series<\/span>\n\n            <ul class=\"shortcode-enhanced-cta-list\">\n                                                            <li>\n                                                            <div class=\"shortcode-icon\">\n                                    <svg width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" viewBox=\"0 0 33 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<path d=\"M16.4933 23.3059C21.7413 23.3059 25.9956 19.0515 25.9956 13.8036C25.9956 8.55559 21.7413 4.30127 16.4933 4.30127C11.2453 4.30127 6.991 8.55559 6.991 13.8036C6.991 19.0515 11.2453 23.3059 16.4933 23.3059Z\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<path d=\"M1.16917 30.3724C1.35654 28.4452 2.49414 26.7455 4.20723 25.8488L11.5682 21.9542\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<path d=\"M21.4318 21.9542L28.7928 25.8488C30.5058 26.7588 31.6434 28.4586 31.8308 30.3724\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<path d=\"M12.8798 18.7956H6.10769C4.24738 18.7956 2.74843 17.2967 2.74843 15.4364V12.2243\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<path d=\"M8.28921 9.02567H3.97971C3.29715 9.02567 2.74843 9.57439 2.74843 10.2569V14.2185C2.74843 14.901 3.29715 15.4498 3.97971 15.4498H7.13822\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<path d=\"M24.7108 9.02567H28.7928C29.4753 9.02567 30.024 9.57439 30.024 10.2569V14.2185C30.024 14.901 29.4753 15.4498 28.7928 15.4498H25.8484\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<path d=\"M14.3787 20.2946C15.2066 20.2946 15.8777 19.6235 15.8777 18.7956C15.8777 17.9678 15.2066 17.2967 14.3787 17.2967C13.5509 17.2967 12.8798 17.9678 12.8798 18.7956C12.8798 19.6235 13.5509 20.2946 14.3787 20.2946Z\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<path d=\"M16.4933 23.3059C21.7413 23.3059 25.9956 19.0515 25.9956 13.8036C25.9956 8.55559 21.7413 4.30127 16.4933 4.30127C11.2453 4.30127 6.991 8.55559 6.991 13.8036C6.991 19.0515 11.2453 23.3059 16.4933 23.3059Z\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<path d=\"M4.70242 9.02568C6.5895 4.35483 11.1667 1.07587 16.4933 1.07587C21.8199 1.07587 26.29 4.27453 28.2173 8.85169\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/svg>\n                                <\/div>\n                            \n                                                            <span>Personal account manager<\/span>\n                                                    <\/li>\n                                                                                <li>\n                                                            <div class=\"shortcode-icon\">\n                                    <svg width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" viewBox=\"0 0 33 34\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<path d=\"M17.5835 26.6203C16.8491 26.0906 15.4887 26.1628 14.959 25.4284C14.4293 24.694 14.9229 23.4299 14.6339 22.5631C14.345 21.6963 13.2133 20.986 13.2133 20.059C13.2133 19.1319 14.3691 18.3976 14.6339 17.5548C14.8988 16.7121 14.4293 15.4119 14.959 14.6895C15.4887 13.9672 16.8491 14.0274 17.5835 13.4976C18.3179 12.9679 18.655 11.6436 19.5218 11.3667C20.3886 11.0898 21.412 11.9566 22.351 11.9566C23.2901 11.9566 24.3375 11.1019 25.1802 11.3667C26.0229 11.6316 26.3962 12.9679 27.1185 13.4976C27.8409 14.0274 29.2133 13.9551 29.743 14.6895C30.2728 15.4239 29.7792 16.688 30.0681 17.5548C30.357 18.4216 31.4887 19.1319 31.4887 20.059C31.4887 20.986 30.333 21.7204 30.0681 22.5631C29.8032 23.4058 30.2728 24.7061 29.743 25.4284C29.2133 26.1508 27.8529 26.0906 27.1185 26.6203C26.3841 27.15 26.047 28.4743 25.1802 28.7512C24.3134 29.0281 23.2901 28.1613 22.351 28.1613C21.412 28.1613 20.3646 29.0161 19.5218 28.7512C18.6791 28.4864 18.3059 27.15 17.5835 26.6203Z\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<path d=\"M22.351 25.5729C25.3963 25.5729 27.8649 23.1042 27.8649 20.059C27.8649 17.0137 25.3963 14.545 22.351 14.545C19.3058 14.545 16.8371 17.0137 16.8371 20.059C16.8371 23.1042 19.3058 25.5729 22.351 25.5729Z\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<path d=\"M17.6919 26.7046L15.3322 30.0755C15.1396 30.3524 15.3322 30.7377 15.6693 30.7617L17.7521 30.8821C17.8484 30.8821 17.9447 30.9303 18.0169 30.9905L19.1847 32.0138C19.4375 32.2305 19.8348 32.0981 19.895 31.773L20.5451 28.679\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<path d=\"M26.9981 26.7046L29.3698 30.0876C29.5625 30.3645 29.3698 30.7497 29.0448 30.7738L26.8055 30.9303C26.7092 30.9303 26.6129 30.9785 26.5406 31.0507L25.5294 31.9897C25.2765 32.2185 24.8792 32.0861 24.807 31.761L24.1569 28.691\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<path d=\"M14.7062 24.7181H3.91912C2.59481 24.7181 1.51129 23.6466 1.51129 22.3103V3.73391C1.51129 2.4096 2.58277 1.32608 3.91912 1.32608H22.5075C23.8318 1.32608 24.9154 2.39756 24.9154 3.73391V11.3186\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<path d=\"M15.4646 1.32608H10.9379V9.81366H15.4646V1.32608Z\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/svg>\n                                <\/div>\n                            \n                                                            <span>Quality assurance<\/span>\n                                                    <\/li>\n                                                                                <li>\n                                                            <div class=\"shortcode-icon\">\n                                    <svg width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" viewBox=\"0 0 35 27\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<path d=\"M17.576 22.1218H4.47786C3.039 22.1218 1.87455 20.7126 1.87455 18.9994V4.93701C1.87455 3.20888 3.039 1.81451 4.47786 1.81451H26.1796C27.6184 1.81451 28.7829 3.20888 28.7829 4.93701V9.53916\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<path d=\"M1.87084 5.5081H28.7866\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<path d=\"M1.87084 11.2636H18.0618\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<path d=\"M6.22453 17.019H10.4299\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<path d=\"M24.5182 25.63C29.2739 25.63 33.1292 21.7747 33.1292 17.019C33.1292 12.2633 29.2739 8.40808 24.5182 8.40808C19.7625 8.40808 15.9072 12.2633 15.9072 17.019C15.9072 21.7747 19.7625 25.63 24.5182 25.63Z\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<path d=\"M24.5182 11.0967V17.019L27.7519 20.2528\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n<\/svg>\n                                <\/div>\n                            \n                                                            <span>Payment terms for companies<\/span>\n                                                    <\/li>\n                                                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               <\/li>\n                                                                                    <\/ul>\n\n            <a class=\"c-button c-button--sm\" href=\"https:\/\/app.fractory.com\/quotes\/new\">Get a quote<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"shortcode-enhanced-cta__media\">\n                            <video class=\"shortcode-video\" autoplay loop muted playsinline>\n                    <source src=\"https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/homepage-vid-v2.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\">\n                <\/video>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n<h2>Bronze<\/h2>\n<p>Although people usually know bronze as a uniform meaning, there are several classifications. Bronze alloys all have different qualities depending on the alloying elements used.<\/p>\n<h3>Tin Bronze<\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3791\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3791\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3791\" src=\"https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Tin-Bronze-1.jpg\" alt=\"Tin Bronze bowl\" width=\"640\" height=\"512\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Tin-Bronze-1.jpg 640w, https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Tin-Bronze-1-300x240.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3791\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tin bronze bowl<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Applications<\/strong>: Springs, washers, coins, artsy bronze sheets, parts of pumps, pressure-resistant castings, bearings, etc.<\/p>\n<p>The applications depend on the % of Sn used in the alloy. The maximum amount of Sn in alloys suitable for cold working is around 7%. Those copper alloys have good plasticity but are also easily work-hardened.<\/p>\n<p>The maximum content of Sn is circa 20%. Starting from 5% of Sn, the structure of the alloy changes and they need some extra <a href=\"https:\/\/fractory.com\/heat-treatment-methods\/\">heat treatment<\/a>. In turn, this causes a porous structure. That&#8217;s also the reason why they&#8217;re not suitable for other forming methods besides casting.<\/p>\n<p>Adding phosphorus is necessary before the casting process. This helps with deoxidation. After the process, around 1% of phosphorus is left in the alloy, providing greater strength. Such alloys are called <strong>phosphor bronzes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>The main application for double phase tin bronzes is in making <a href=\"https:\/\/fractory.com\/types-of-bearings\/\">different types of bearings<\/a>. Such a structure strikes a good balance where the <em>\u03b1<\/em> phase assures resistance to blows and knocks, while the hard and brittle chemical compounds bear the load and provide some wear resistance.<\/p>\n<p>Zn and Pb are also sometimes present in tin bronzes. Zn improves the quality of castings, while also making the alloy cheaper. This kind of bronze is also known as <strong>gun-metal<\/strong>, as large guns were made of this material in the past.<\/p>\n<p>Small amounts of lead help to improve a bronze&#8217;s mechanical properties for cutting. Large amounts (up to 25%) are present in <strong>lead bronzes<\/strong> that find use as bearing materials.<\/p>\n<h3>Aluminium Bronze<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Applications<\/strong>: Coins, ship parts, marine hardware, sleeve bearings, pumps, valves, etc.<\/p>\n<p>Aluminium bronzes have similar characteristics to tin bronzes. These alloys, mostly, have a single phase and are suitable for cold forming. This makes aluminium bronze a popular choice as a coin material. The content of aluminium is usually somewhere between 6&#8230;12%.<\/p>\n<p>Double phase aluminium bronze finds use as a cast alloy or for hot working. Aluminium bronzes with an Al content of around 10% are used for making screw propellers, valves, pumps, etc. This metal is suitable for use in salty conditions or near the sea.<\/p>\n<h2>Cupronickels<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3795\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3795\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3795 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Cupronickel-valve.jpg\" alt=\"A valve made of cupronickel\" width=\"640\" height=\"409\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Cupronickel-valve.jpg 640w, https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Cupronickel-valve-300x192.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3795\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cupronickel valve<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Applications<\/strong>: Coins, marine equipment, electrical devices, heat exchangers, cooling systems, shipbuilding, etc.<\/p>\n<p>Copper-nickel alloys are strong and plastic. Adding nickel (usually 2&#8230;30%) to copper makes the metal highly resistant to corrosion and gives it outstanding electrical conductivity properties.<\/p>\n<p>Cu-Ni alloys have a nearly non-existent thermal expansion coefficient at 40&#8230;50% Ni. At the same time, electrical resistance is at a max. This kind of small thermal expansion coefficient is present until temperatures up to 500 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n<p>That&#8217;s why constantan (Cu-Ni alloy with 45% of nickel) is used with electrical devices where large changes of temperature occur. For example, a typical use of constantan is forming a part of a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.omega.com\/en-us\/resources\/thermocouples\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">thermocouple<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Corrosion resistant Cu-Ni alloys contain around 30% Ni along with a little bit of Fe and Mn which makes them especially stable in saltwater.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Copper alloys have great material properties useful for many applications. Pure copper, however, has been one of the most important metals for the last 6000 years. Comparing it to other [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":3783,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6491],"tags":[],"yst_prominent_words":[3673,3704,3703,3702,3701,3695,3689,3688,3677,3675,746,3672,3671,3670,3666,3664,3659,3656,1933,758],"class_list":["post-3737","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-engineering-materials"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3737","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3737"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3737\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23899,"href":"https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3737\/revisions\/23899"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3783"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3737"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3737"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3737"},{"taxonomy":"yst_prominent_words","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fractory.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yst_prominent_words?post=3737"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}